ICAO’s 27 March 2026 addendum to the Technical Instructions for Dangerous Goods by Air now prohibits passengers from recharging power banks onboard and limits carry-on carriage to two units per person, regardless of capacity or spare battery count. Operators must enforce absolute compliance: power banks and vapes are forbidden in checked luggage, must remain accessible in seat pockets or footwells, and cannot charge other devices mid-flight. The UK CAA identifies lithium battery thermal runaway as the sector’s top safety risk, with incidents occurring at two per week and vape-related failures accounting for 28% of thermal events despite 10% passenger penetration. Airlines including Emirates, Lufthansa, and Qantas have updated conditions of carriage to reflect these restrictions ahead of the 2026 summer peak.